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来自于日光的电能是真正“绿色”和廉价的能源，但是需要基于光伏（PV）电池和存储设备（例如电池）的能量转换系统。PV或太阳能电池在户外照明领域，甚至在全家用和工业领域的应用越来越广泛；它们可以采用与半导体器件制造相同的工艺进行制作。太阳能电池的功能非常简单：吸收太阳光的光子并释放出电子。当在太阳能电池上连接负载时，就会产生电流。

Electricity from sunlight is truly “green” and inexpensive but requires an energy conversion system with photovoltaic (PV) cells and a storage unit, such as a battery. PV or solar cells are finding increasing use in outdoor lighting schemes and even for full-house and industrial applications; they can be fabricated with the same processes used to make semiconductor devices. A solar cell’s function is simple: to absorb photons from sunlight and release electrons. When a load is connected to the cell, electric current will flow.

PV电池和材料的电气特征分析需要进行多种电气测量。这些测试工作可以在研发过程中在电池上进行，也可以作为电池制造工艺的组成部分。这些测试包括电流与电压关系（I-V）、电容与电压关系（C-V）、电容与频率关系（C-f）和脉冲I-V测试等。利用这些电气测试结果可以提取出很多常用的参数，例如输出电流、最大输出功率、掺杂密度、转换效率、电阻率和霍尔电压。¹

To characterize the electrical properties of the PC cells and materials, a variety of electrical measurements are performed. These tests can be performed during research and development on the cells or as part of the manufacturing process of the cells. These tests may include current versus voltage (I‑V), capacitance versus voltage (C‑V), capacitance versus frequency (C-f), and pulsed I-V. From these electrical tests, many common parameters can be extracted, such as the output current, maximum output power, doping density, conversion efficiency, resistivity, and Hall voltage.[1]

PV电池采用各种吸光材料制作，包括结晶和非晶硅，碲化镉（CdTe）和铜铟镓硒化物（CIGS）材料制成的薄膜，以及有机/聚合物类的材料。

PV cells are based on a variety of light-absorbing materials, including crystalline and amorphous silicon, thin films such as cadmium telluride (CdTe) and copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS) materials, and organic/polymer-based materials.